Animal Nature Study by Various Animal Nature Study by Various    

Lesson 10: The Spider

Performer: LibriVox - Claire Schreuder


'The Cheerful Harvestmen' from Among the Meadow People by Clara Dillingham Pierson

Some of the meadow people are gay and careless, and some are always worrying. Some work hard every day, and some are exceedingly lazy. There, as everywhere else, each has his own way of thinking about things. It is too bad that they cannot all learn to think brave and cheerful thoughts, for these make life happy. One may have a comfortable home, kind neighbors, and plenty to eat, yet if he is in the habit of thinking disagreeable thoughts, not even all these good things can make him happy. There was the young Frog who thought herself sickā€”but that is another story.

Perhaps the Harvestmen were the most cheerful of all the meadow people. The old Tree Frog used to say that it made him feel better just to see their knees coming toward him. Of course, when he saw their knees, he knew that the whole insect was also coming. He spoke in that way because the Harvestmen always walked or ran with their knees so much above the rest of their bodies that one could see those first.

The Harvestmen were not particularly fine-looking, not nearly so handsome as some of their Spider cousins. One never thought of that, however. They had such an easy way of moving around on their eight legs, each of which had a great many joints. It is the joints, or bending-places, you know, which make legs useful. Besides being graceful, they had very pleasant manners. When a Harvestman said "Good morning" to you on a rainy day, you always had a feeling that the sun was shining. It might be that the drops were even then falling into your face, but for a moment you were sure to feel that everything was bright and warm and comfortable.

Sometimes the careless young Grasshoppers and Crickets called the Harvestmen by their nicknames, "Daddy Long-Legs" or "Grandfather Graybeard." Even then the Harvestmen were good-natured, and only said with a smile that the young people had not yet learned the names of their neighbors. The Grasshoppers never seemed to think how strange it was to call a young Harvestman daughter "Grandfather Graybeard." When they saw how good-natured they were, the Grasshoppers soon stopped trying to tease the Harvestmen. People who are really good-natured are never teased very long, you know.

The Walking-Sticks were exceedingly polite to the Harvestmen. They thought them very slender and genteel-looking. Once, the Five-Legged Walking-Stick said to the largest Harvestman, "Why do you talk so much with the common people in the meadow?"

The Harvestman knew exactly what the Walking-Stick meant, but he was not going to let anybody make fun of his kind and friendly neighbors, so he said: "I think we Harvestmen are rather common ourselves. There are a great, great many of us here. It must be very lonely to be uncommon."

After that the Walking-Stick had nothing more to say. He never felt quite sure whether the Harvestman was too stupid to understand or too wise to gossip. Once he thought he saw the Harvestman's eyes twinkle. The Harvestman didn't care if people thought him stupid. He knew that he was not stupid, and he would rather seem dull than to listen while unkind things were said about his neighbors.

Some people would have thought it very hard luck to be Harvestmen. The Garter Snake said that if he were one, he should be worried all the time about his legs. "I'm thankful I haven't any," he said, "for if I had I should be forever thinking I should lose some of them. A Harvestman without legs would be badly off. He could never in the world crawl around on his belly as I do."

How the Harvestmen did laugh when they heard this! The biggest one said, "Well, if that isn't just like some people! Never want to have anything for fear they'll lose it. I wonder if he worries about his head? He might lose that, you know, and then what would he do?"

It was only the next day that the largest Harvestman came home on seven legs. His friends all cried out, "Oh, how did it ever happen?"

"Cows," said he.

"Did they step on you?" asked the Five-Legged Walking-Stick. He had not lived long enough in the meadow to understand all that the Harvestman meant. He was sorry for him, though, for he knew what it was to lose a leg.

"Huh!" said a Grasshopper, interrupting in a very rude way, "aren't any Cows in this meadow now!"

Then the other Harvestmen told the Walking-Stick all about it, how sometimes a boy would come to the meadow, catch a Harvestman, hold him up by one leg, and say to him, "Grandfather Graybeard, tell me where the Cows are, or I'll kill you." Then the only thing a Harvestman could do was to struggle and wriggle himself free, and he often broke off a leg in doing so.

"How terrible!" said the three Walking-Sticks all together. "But why don't you tell them?"

"We do," answered the Harvestmen. "We point with our seven other legs, and we point every way there is. Sometimes we don't know where they are, so we point everywhere, to be sure. But it doesn't make any difference. Our legs drop off just the same."

"Isn't a boy clever enough to find Cows alone?" asked the Walking-Sticks.

"Oh, it isn't that," cried all the meadow people together. "Even after you tell, and sometimes when the Cows are right there, they walk off home without them."

"I'd sting them," said a Wasp, waving his feelers fiercely and raising and lowering his wings. "I'd sting them as hard as I could."

"You wouldn't if you had no sting," said the Tree Frog.

"N-no," stammered the Wasp, "I suppose I wouldn't."

"You poor creature!" said the biggest Katydid to the biggest Harvestman. "What will you do? Only seven legs!"

"Do?" answered the biggest Harvestman, and it was then one could see how truly brave and cheerful he was. "Do? I'll walk on those seven. If I lose one of them I'll walk on six, and if I lose one of them I'll walk on five. Haven't I my mouth and my stomach and my eyes and my two feelers, and my two food-pincers? I may not be so good-looking, but I am a Harvestman, and I shall enjoy the grass and the sunshine and my kind neighbors as long as I live. I must leave you now. Good day."

He walked off rather awkwardly, for he had not yet learned to manage himself since his accident. The meadow people looked after him very thoughtfully. They were not noticing his awkwardness, or thinking of his high knees or of his little low body. Perhaps they thought what the Cicada said, "Ah, that is the way to live!"

    Animal Nature Study by Various Animal Nature Study by Various    

Lesson 10: The Spider

Performer: LibriVox - Claire Schreuder

Directions

Study the lesson for one week.

Over the week:

  • Read the story.
  • Review the animal synopsis.
  • Study the vocabulary words.
  • Learn the concepts.
  • Complete the enrichment activities.
  • Study the review questions.

Synopsis

Spiders are not insects like the butterfly or the beetle, they are arachnids. You can remember this by knowing spiders have eight legs instead of six. Also unlike insects, spiders have two main body sections rather than three, as the head and thorax are merged into one cephalothorax. In addition, the abdomens of spiders have no segments unlike insects. One of the most fascinating characteristics of spiders is the gossamer thread they spin. Spiders are the civil engineers of the animal world, spinning bridges, airplanes, and balloons. Spiders often spin their sticky webs where walls meet ceilings in our homes. These webs entangle and trap a variety of insect pests such as flies, mosquitoes, and grasshoppers, making spiders beneficial to humans. As soon as an insect becomes entangled in a spider's web, the spider runs to it, seizes it in its jaws, sucks its blood, and then throws away the shell, the wings, and the legs. Spiders reproduce by laying eggs within egg sacs. The eggs hatch into spiderlings, which mature to adults in around a year. Most spiders are entirely harmless to humans; however, the bites of some species are poisonous, including the brown recluse and the black widow. The mouths of spiders are guarded by two mandibles, each ending in a sharp claw, at the tip of which the poison gland opens.

Vocabulary

Civil Engineer: An engineer who designs and maintains roads, bridges, dams, and similar structures.
Cephalothorax: The fused head and thorax of spiders and other chelicerate arthropods.
Mandible: Either half of the crushing organ in an arthropod's mouthparts.
Poison: A substance that is capable of causing the illness or death of a living organism when introduced or absorbed.
Gossamer: A fine, filmy substance consisting of cobwebs spun by small spiders, which is seen especially in autumn.

Concepts

Did you know some spiders have poisonous bites? In the United States, poisonous spiders include the North American black widow and the brown recluse.

Facts about black widows:

  1. Although poisonous, black widow bites are rarely fatal. The bite of the female is more dangerous than the bite of the male.
  2. The black widow is identifiable by the red or orange hourglass shape on the underside of the abdomen.
  3. Study the picture of the black widow below, and find the red hourglass shape.

Facts about brown recluses:

  1. The brown recluse is identifiable by its six eyes (most spiders have eight eyes) and by the dark violin shape on its cephalothorax.
  2. Although poisonous, brown recluse bites are rarely fatal.
  3. Zoom in to study the picture of the brown recluse below. Find the dark violin shape on its cephalothorax.

Enrichment

Activity 1: Narrate the Story

  • After reading or listening to the story, narrate the story events aloud using your own words.

Activity 2: Watch the Video

  • Watch the spider climbing on its web in the video.
  • Locate the spider's cephalothorax, abdomen, and eight legs.

Activity 3: Classify the Animal

  • Spiders are animals, invertebrates, arthropods, and arachnids.
  • Trace which categories spiders fit into on the classification chart.

Activity 4: Seek Out Spider Webs

  • Look for spider webs in and around your house. Look where the ceiling meets the walls. Basements, attics, sheds, and garages are particularly great places to look for spiders.
  • Did you find any spider webs? What patterns do they have? Did you find any spiders?

Activity 5: Color and Label a Spider   

  • Click the crayon above. Complete page 23 of 'Science Field Book for Second Grade.'

Activity 6: Take a Nature Walk

Take a nature walk, locate a spider or other animal to observe, gather data and notes, and use that information to create a field book entry. You may wish to take a pencil and a small notebook to jot down sketches and observations. If you can't find a spider, you might make a sketch based on the video in Activity 2.

Before you take the nature walk, review:

  • The field book template you'll later complete on page 24 of 'Science Field Book for Second Grade.'
  • The suggested list of observations below.

Behavioral observations include:

  • How does the spider move?
  • How does the spider eat?
  • What does the spider eat?
  • How does the spider sense the world?

Habitat observations include:

  • Does the spider live in a forest, a field, a town, or near water?
  • In what type of climate does the spider live (e.g. temperate, tropical, arid, arctic)?
  • In what type of house does the spider live?

Appearance observations include:

  • What colors are the legs and body?
  • How many legs does the spider have?

Activity 7: Complete a Field Book Entry   

  • Click the crayon above. After your nature walk, complete page 24 of 'Science Field Book for Second Grade.'

Review

Question 1

List two ways spiders differ from insects.
1 / 6

Answer 1

Spiders have eight legs, and insects have six. Spiders have a cephalothorax and a non-segmented abdomen, while insects have a head, a thorax, and a segmented abdomen.
1 / 6

Question 2

Why do spiders spin webs?
2 / 6

Answer 2

Spiders spin webs to catch insects to eat. They also spin webs to help them travel places.
2 / 6

Question 3

How to spiders inject poison into their prey?
3 / 6

Answer 3

Spiders bite their prey with their sharp mandibles, each ending in a sharp claw, at the tip of which the poison gland opens.
3 / 6

Question 4

Where might you find spiders and their webs around your house?
4 / 6

Answer 4

You can often find spiders in corners, such as where walls and the ceiling meet. Seldom used places such as attics, basements, or sheds make good hunting grounds for spiders.
4 / 6

Question 5

Are most spiders harmful to humans?
5 / 6

Answer 5

No, most spiders are harmless to humans, although some are poisonous.
5 / 6

Question 6

Name one poisonous spider.
6 / 6

Answer 6

Poisonous spiders include the black widow and the brown recluse.
6 / 6

  1. List two ways spiders differ from insects. Spiders have eight legs, and insects have six. Spiders have a cephalothorax and a non-segmented abdomen, while insects have a head, a thorax, and a segmented abdomen.
  2. Why do spiders spin webs? Spiders spin webs to catch insects to eat. They also spin webs to help them travel places.
  3. How to spiders inject poison into their prey? Spiders bite their prey with their sharp mandibles, each ending in a sharp claw, at the tip of which the poison gland opens.
  4. Where might you find spiders and their webs around your house? You can often find spiders in corners, such as where walls and the ceiling meet. Seldom used places such as attics, basements, or sheds make good hunting grounds for spiders.
  5. Are most spiders harmful to humans? No, most spiders are harmless to humans, although some are poisonous.
  6. Name one poisonous spider. Poisonous spiders include the black widow and the brown recluse.

References

  1. Comstock, Anna Botsford. Handbook of nature-study (Twenty-fourth edition). Ithaca, New York Comstock Publishing Company, Inc, 1911.